REUSE OF WATER ALSO KNOWN AS GRAYWATER
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Serving all of Florida and Georgia at 904-346-1266
EMAIL LARRY@1STPROP.COM (feel free to email your bidding packages here)
Our company specializes in REUSE WATER SYSTEMS also known as GRAYWATER SYSTEMS.
In the irrigation industry the definition of this is
Greywater is wastewater generated from domestic activities such as laundry and dishwashing, laundry and bathing which can be recycled on-site for uses such as landscape irrigation, and constructed wetlands.
Greywater comprises 50-80% of residential wastewater generated from all of the house’s sanitation equipment (excepting toilets). Water from the toilets is designated sewage or blackwater to indicate it contains human waste.
Contents[hide] |
Definition
Greywater gets its name from its cloudy appearance and from its status as being neither fresh (white water from groundwater or potable water), nor polluted (sewage). According to this definition, wastewater containing significant food residues or high concentrations of toxic chemicals from household cleaners, etc., may be considered “dark grey” or dirty water.
Challenges
In recent years, concerns over dwindling reserves of groundwater and overloaded or costly sewage treatment plants have generated much interest in the reuse or recycling of greywater, both domestically and for use in commercial irrigation.
However, concern over potential health and environmental risks mean that many jurisdictions demand highly intensive treatment systems for legal reuse of greywater making the commercial cost of greywater higher than freshwater. Despite these obstacles, greywater is often reused for irrigation legally and illegally .
In droughtzones or areas hit by hose pipe bans (irrigation restrictions), greywater can be harvested informally by manual bucketing. In the third world, reuse of greywater is often unregulated and is common. At present, the recycling of greywater is poorly understood compared with elimination.
Elimination of graywater
Domestic wastewater is usually combined at the sewer, so that grey- and blackwaters are removed together using a shared sewerage system in a process called elimination.
Sewage water can then be treated to limit pollution and health risks, before being returned to the environment at large. Most greywater ends up as effluent in rivers and oceans in this way.
There are other alternatives to eliminating greywater that allow for efficient use; using it to irrigate plants is a common practice[1]. The plants use contaminants of greywater, such as food particles, as nutrients in their growth. However, salt and soap residues can be toxic to microbial and plant life alike, but can be absorbed and degraded through constructed wetlands and aquatic plants such as sedges, rushes, and grasses[2].
Recycling
Most greywater is easier to treat and recycle than blackwater, because of lower levels of contaminants. However, entirely untreated greywater is still considered to be a potential health and pollution hazard, because studies have established the presence of the same micro-organisms within greywater as found in sewage (albeit in much lower concentrations
Nevertheless, while all greywater contains micro-organisms, the health hazards associated with greywater from a multiple-dwelling source should be considered differently from that of a single dwelling greywater source[
If collected using a separate plumbing system from blackwater, domestic greywater can be recycled directly within the home, garden or agricultural company and used either immediately or processed and stored.
Recycled greywater of this kind is never safe to drink, but a number of stages of filtration and microbial digestion can be used to provide water for washing or flushing toilets. Relatively clean[ greywater may be applied directly from the sink to the garden or container field, receiving further treatment from soil life and plant roots. Given that greywater may contain nutrients, pathogens, and is often discharged warm, it is very important not to store it before use in irrigation purposes, unless it is properly treated first.
Systems
At present, several water recycling systems exist which can be used to:
- recycle the water without purifying it
- recycle the water while purifying or decontaminating it
Water recycling without purification is used in certain agricultural companies (e.g., tree nurseries) and dwellings for applications where potable water is not required (e.g., garden and land irrigation, toilet flushing). It may also be used in dwellings when the greywater (e.g., from rainwater) is already fairly clean to begin with and/or has not been polluted with non-degradable chemicals such as non-natural soaps (thus using natural cleaning products instead).
Water purification/decontamination systems then again are used for applications where potable water is required (e.g., to allow drinking, and/or for other domestic tasks as washing, showering).
Water recycling systems without purification
Water diversion systems
The simplest greywater system is to simply divert the water directly to the garden. Regulations change by country and region, but common guidelines for safe usage include not storing the greywater for more than 24 hours, ensuring it cannot pool or run off, and depositing it with subsurface irrigation.
Greywater diversion systems can be both designed-in to new homes, or retrofitted to many existing homes. When systems are fully designed, manufactured and installed to relevant standards such as the Australian Watermark standards. Water diversion systems tend to be highly efficient, effective and safe for simple applications where potable water is not required.
Diversion systems can be as basic as running the outlet hose from a washing machine out a window to the garden, or can be designed as a permanent part of the home plumbing. Fully engineered systems incorporate a sump pump and surge tanks and deliver the water through sub-surface irrigation.
Greywater from the shower or bath is generally good quality water for the garden. The soap levels at the dilutions typical are actually good for the garden as they are a wetting agent. When laundry greywater is diverted to the garden then the laundry products must be chosen carefully to ensure phosphate and salt levels are low, and the pH balance is neutral.
Basic guidelines are also available from system suppliers. It is essential that greywater is diverted to sewer when garden-unfriendly products are being used.
Water recycling with purification
For filtering the water to become potable (or near-potable), there are numerous systems based on soft processes. These include natural biological principles such as
- mechanical systems (sand filtration, lava filter systems and systems based on UV radiation)
- biological systems (plant systems as treatment ponds, constructed wetlands, living walls) and compact systems as activated sludge systems, biorotors, aerobic and anaerobic biofilters, submerged aerated filters, biorolls
- Finally, also used for creating potable (or near-potable) water are the “hard”, direct processes, such as distillation (evaporation). There seem to be no commercially available “hard” greywater recovery devices suitable for on-site use in the individual household, even though a number of such technologies exist.
In order to purify the water adequately, several of these systems are usually combined to work as a whole. Combination of the systems is done in two to three stages, knowingly a primary and a secondary purification. Sometimes a tertiary purification is also added.
Some municipal sewerage systems recycle a certain amount of grey- and blackwaters using a high standard of treatment, thus providing reclaimed water for irrigation and other uses.
Application of recycled greywater
Irrigation
Greywater typically breaks down faster than blackwater and has lower levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. However, all greywater must be assumed to have some blackwater-type components, including pathogens of various sorts. Greywater should be applied below the soil surface where possible (e.g., in mulch-filled trenches) and not sprayed, as there is a danger of inhaling the water as an aerosol.
Long-term research on greywater use on soil has not yet been done and it is possible that there may be negative impacts on soil productivity. If you are concerned about this, avoid using laundry powders; these often contain high levels of salt as a bulking agent.
In any greywater system, it is essential to put nothing toxic down the drain–no bleaches, bath salts, artificial dyes, cleansers, shampoos, and no products containing boron (which is toxic to plants at high levels).
It is crucial to use all-natural, biodegradable soaps whose ingredients do not harm plants. Most powdered detergents, and some liquid detergents, are sodium-based, which can inhibit seed-germination and destroy the structure of clay soils.
“Natural” body products often contain substances toxic to humans[original research?], including parabens, stearalkonium chloride, phenoxyethanol, polyethelene glycol (PEG), and synthetic fragrances.
Indoor reuse
Recycled greywater from showers and bathtubs can be used for flushing toilets in most European and Australian jurisdictions and in United States jurisdictions that have adopted the International Plumbing Code.
Such a system could provide an estimated 30% reduction in water use for the average household. The danger of biological contamination is avoided by using:
- a cleaning tank, to eliminate floating and sinking items
- an intelligent control mechanism that flushes the collected water if it has been stored long enough to be hazardous; this completely avoids the problems of filtration and chemical treatment
The Uniform Plumbing Code, adopted in some United States jurisdictions, prohibits greywater use indoors.
Extreme living conditions
Greywater use promotes the ability to build in areas unsuitable for conventional treatment, or where conventional treatment is costly. The Mars Desert Research Station uses greywater recycling, and might be used on trips to Mars to reduce water consumption and increase oxygen generation.
Heat reclamation
Devices are currently available that capture heat from residential and industrial greywater, through a process called drainwater heat recovery, greywater heat recovery, or hot water heat recycling.
Rather than flowing directly into a water heating device, incoming cold water flows first through a heat exchanger where it is pre-warmed by heat from greywater flowing out from such activities as dishwashing, or showering. Typical household devices receiving greywater from a shower can recover up to 60% of the heat that would otherwise go to waste.
Ice rinks
Lee Valley Ice Centre in Leyton, London, is the first example of the use of a greywater system in an ice arena context, a concept which reduces the otherwise considerable water use associated with such activities.
Ecology
Because greywater use, especially domestically, reduces demand on conventional water supplies and pressure on sewage treatment systems, its use is very beneficial to local waterways. In times of drought, especially in urban areas, greywater use in gardens or toilet systems helps to achieve the goals of ecologically sustainable development.
Benefits
The potential ecological benefits of greywater recycling include:
- Lower fresh water extraction from rivers and aquifers
- Less impact from septic tank and treatment plant infrastructure
- Topsoil nutrification
- Reduced energy use and chemical pollution from treatment
- Groundwater recharge
- Increased plant growth
- Reclamation of nutrients
- Greater quality of surface and ground water when preserved by the natural purification in the top layers of soil than generated water treatment processes [4]
In the U.S. Southwest and the Middle East where available water supplies are limited, especially in view of a rapidly growing population, a strong imperative exists for adoption of alternative water technologies.
Potential downsides of greywater recycling
The Southern Nevada Water Authority has expressed concern that greywater recycling for use in residential washing machines and for watering xeriscapes could encourage greater water use, and reduce the amount of water returned to Lake Mead, a reservoir currently experiencing a drought
Greywater users and advocates dispute these claims.[5]
Governmental Regulation
Government regulation governing domestic greywater use for landscape irrigation (diversion for reuse) is still a developing area and continues to gain wider support as the actual risks and benefits are considered and put into clearer perspective.
‘Greywater’ (by pure legal definition) is considered in some jurisdictions to be ‘sewage’ (all wastewater including greywater and toilet waste), but in the U.S. states that adopt the International Plumbing Code, it can be used for underground irrigation and for toilet flushing, and in states that adopt the Uniform Plumbing Code, it can be used in underground disposal fields that are akin to shallow sewage disposal fields.
California, Utah, New Mexico and some other states allow true underground drip irrigation with greywater. Where greywater is still considered sewage, it is bound by the same regulatory procedures enacted to ensure properly engineered septic tank and effluent disposal systems are installed for long system life and to control spread of disease and pollution. In such regulatory jurisdictions, this has commonly meant domestic greywater diversion for landscape irrigation was either simply not permitted or was discouraged by expensive and complex sewage system approval requirements. Wider legitimate community greywater diversion for landscape irrigation has subsequently been handicapped and resulted in greywater reuse continuing to still be widely undertaken by householders outside of and in preference to the legal avenues.
However, with water conservation becoming a necessity in a growing number of jurisdictions, business, political and community pressure has made regulators seriously reconsider the actual risks against actual benefits.
It is now recognized and accepted by an increasing number of regulators that the microbiological risks of greywater reuse at the single dwelling level where inhabitants already had intimate knowledge of that greywater are in reality an insignificant risk, when properly managed without the need for complex, expensive and onerous red tape approval processes. This is reflected in the NSW Government Department of Water and Energy’s newly released greywater diversion rules, and the recent passage of greywater legislation in Montana. [6] In the 2009 Legislative Session, the state of Montana passed a bill expanding greywater use into multi-family and commercial buildings. The Department of Environmental Quality has already drafted rules and design guidelines for greywater re-use systems in all these applications. Existing staff would review systems proposed for new subdivisions in conjunction with review of all other wastewater system components. [7]
In response to the state objectives in Section 373.250 and Section 403.064, Florida Statutes (F.S.), of “encouraging and promoting reuse,” the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) has developed a comprehensive reuse program. The Department has created extensive rules dealing with water reuse which are contained in Chapter 62-610, Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.)
Water reuse involves taking domestic wastewater, giving it a high degree of treatment, and using the resulting high-quality reclaimed water for a new, beneficial purpose. Extensive treatment and disinfection ensure that public health and environmental quality are protected.
For additional information about water reuse, please see the links to the right.
“Reuse is key to the State’s water future. Currently, Florida is leading the nation — reusing 660 million gallons of reclaimed water each day to conserve freshwater supplies and replenish our rivers, streams, lakes and the aquifers,” said Secretary Michael W. Sole. “In 2006, Florida’s Water Reuse Program was the first recipient of the EPA Water Efficiency Leader Award. Even as a national leader, Florida is only reaching a fraction of potential reuse opportunities. As our state continues to grow, DEP will strive to promote efficient water management to help conserve the State’s natural resources.”
Reclaiming Water: Reusing a Precious Resource
This video is also available at www.ProtectingOurWater.org.
A national leader, Florida currently reuses 242 billion gallons of reclaimed water each year statewide, which has become a critical component of water management. Florida’s permitted reuse capacity exceeds 1.3 billion gallons per day, more than 52 percent of Florida’s total permitted capacity for all domestic wastewater treatment facilities.
Florida currently uses reclaimed water to irrigate 246,841 residential lawns, 477 golf courses, 794 parks and 272 schools.
In addition, DEP provides funding for reuse projects through the State Revolving Fund loan program and the Disadvantaged Small Community Grant Program. DEP established the State Revolving Fund in 1999 to provide low interest loans to plan, design and build wastewater and stormwater systems. Created in 2000, the Disadvantaged Small Community Grant Program provides grants to plan, design and build wastewater management facilities.
Purpose
Water conservation and the promotion of reuse of reclaimed water have been
established in Sections 403.064 and 373.250, Florida Statutes (F.S.), as formal state
objectives. This inventory and future, annual updates of the inventory will enable
monitoring of the State’s efforts to encourage and promote reuse of reclaimed water in
Florida. In addition, the information contained in the inventory gives municipalities
and utilities interested in developing reuse programs access to other communities and
utilities that have already implemented such programs.
Inventory Design
Chapter 62-610, Florida Administrative Code (F.A.C.), requires owners (permittees)
of domestic wastewater facilities having permitted capacities of 0.1 million gallons per
day (mgd) and above that provide reclaimed water for reuse to submit annual reports
on the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) Form 62-
610.300(4)(a)2. The annual reports are the basis for this inventory. Permits issued
after January 1996 by DEP for reuse facilities include requirements for annual
submittal of these forms. The forms for the 2007 reuse inventory were due on January
1, 2008.
Information obtained from the report forms was entered into the Department’s “Reuse
Inventory Database,” which is a Microsoft Access 2003 database.
In addition to the reuse reports received from the owners and operators of the
wastewater treatment facilities, flow data and other information was obtained from the
Department’s wastewater databases. Data from the 2006 reuse inventory were used for
facilities that did not submit a 2007 annual reuse report form.
The 2007 reuse inventory includes all active domestic wastewater treatment facilities
having permitted capacities of 0.1 mgd or more. This threshold is also the minimum
treatment plant capacity that is allowed by Chapter 62-610, F.A.C., to provide
reclaimed water for irrigation of public access areas (such as parks and golf courses).
2007 Reuse Inventory
2 Use it Again, Florida!
Results
Reuse Facilities:
permitted capacities of 0.1 mgd or above that make reclaimed water available for reuse
are included in the 2007 inventory. These facilities have a wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP) capacity totaling 2,231 mgd and treated 1,426 mgd of domestic wastewater
in 2007. These treatment facilities serve 430 reuse systems which are listed in
Appendix A. Approximately 663 mgd of reclaimed water from these facilities is
reused for beneficial purposes. The total reuse capacity associated with these systems
is 1,417 mgd. Appendices B, D, and E provide information on these treatment
facilities and their reuse and disposal practices.
A total of 475 domestic wastewater treatment facilities with
Disposal Facilities:
having permitted capacities of 0.1 mgd or greater that do not provide reuse of any
kind. These facilities have a total WWTP capacity of 238 mgd and a total WWTP
flow of 108 mgd. Appendix I provides information on facilities that engage in
disposal activities only.
There are about 76 active domestic wastewater treatment facilities
All Facilities:
capacities of 0.1 mgd or more have a total WWTP capacity of almost 2,469 mgd and a
total WWTP flow of 1,534 mgd.
Table 1 summarizes the survey data in terms of the number of treatment facilities and
reuse systems in each DEP district and water management district, as well as the
breakdown of public access reuse, such as the number of residences, golf courses,
parks, and schools irrigated by reclaimed water.
Table 2 provides a summary of reuse activities by reuse type, including the number of
reuse systems, capacity, flow, and area for each reuse subtype.
Table 3 provides a summary, by county, of the total domestic wastewater treatment
plant and reuse capacities and flows for all facilities with permitted capacities of 0.1
mgd or greater, the ratio of the reuse capacity to wastewater treatment plant capacity,
and the ratio of the reuse flow to total WWTP flow.
Table 4 shows the per capita reuse capacities and reuse flows of each Florida county.
The per capita usage is based on 2007 population estimates from the State of Florida’s
Demographic Estimating Conference, February 2008 and the Florida Demographic
Database, August 2008 (Florida Legislature, 2008).
Figure 1 shows the percentage of reclaimed water utilization by flow for each reuse
type.
Table 5 compares the types of reclaimed water utilization in each DEP district and
water management district.
Table 6 shows reuse capacity and flow ratios in each DEP district and water
management district.
The 551 domestic wastewater treatment facilities with permitted
Supplemental Water Supplies
Some reuse systems use other sources of water to augment the reclaimed water supply.
In 2007, a total of 48 reuse systems in Florida used 12.76 mgd of surface water, 16.31
mgd of ground water, 2.52 mgd of stormwater, and 1.23 mgd of drinking water to
supplement reclaimed water supplies. An additional 2.7 mgd of supplemental water
was from unspecified sources (i.e., the annual reuse report did not specify whether it
was groundwater, surface water or stormwater, etc) for a total of 35.52 mgd of
supplemental water used in 2007. In addition, 4.92 mgd of demineralization
concentrate was blended with reclaimed water while 0.4 mgd of reclaimed water was
recovered from aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) wells and sent to a reuse system.
Appendix C shows the 48 reuse systems in the state which use supplemental water
supplies.
Reuse Rates
Utilities recoup costs associated with the reuse system through rate recovery. Reuse
costs can be allocated among wastewater customers, water users, and reclaimed water
users. Table 7 provides a summary of charges made for the use of reclaimed water in
Florida for reuse systems that reported charging fees. There were 17 systems that
reported not charging a fee to either their residential or non-residential customers for a
total of 254 reuse systems evaluated (see Appendix H).
Table 7. Summary of Reuse Rates
Residential Customers
Average Median Range No. of Systems
Flat Rate Only ($/month)
$8.64 $8.62 $3.39 – $16.06 26
Gallonage Charge Only ($/1000 gallons)
$0.82 $0.45 $0.19 – $3.17 38
Combination Flat and per Gallon Charge
Flat Rate ($/month)
$8.40 $6.22 $2.27 – $35.00 44
Gallonage Charge ($/1000 gallons)
$0.60 $0.45 $0.10 – $1.23
Non-Residential Customers
Average Median Range No. of Systems
Flat Rate Only ($/month)
$452.5 $16.00 $3.39 – $2,000 16
Gallonage Charge Only ($/1000 gallons)
$0.42 $0.30 $0.04 – $3.17 77
Combination Flat and per Gallon Charge
Flat Rate ($/month)
$70.77 $21.23 $3.75 – $644.50 36
Gallonage Charge ($/1000 gallons)
$0.68 $0.58 $0.05 – $1.56
Efficient and Effective Water Reuse
In 2003, Water Reuse for Florida: Strategies for Effective Use of Reclaimed Water,
also known as, “
The Strategies Report
,” was published. The report identifies strategies
for increasing the efficient and effective use of reclaimed water. Two concepts
2007 Reuse Inventory
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introduced in the report, “potable quality water offset” and “recharge fraction,” will
play increasingly important roles in shaping efficient and effective water reuse in
Florida. “Potable quality water offset” means the amount of potable quality water
saved through the use of reclaimed water expressed as a percentage of the total
reclaimed water used. “Recharge fraction” means the portion of reclaimed water used
that recharges an underlying potable quality ground water or surface water that is used
for potable supply, expressed as a percentage of the total reclaimed water used.
Table 8 shows the amount of reclaimed water used to offset and recharge potable
quality water. The 663 mgd of reclaimed water used in 2007 is estimated to have
offset (avoided) the use of 360 mgd of potable quality water while serving to add 214
mgd back to available water supplies. These estimates do not include the 23 mgd of reclaimed water discharged to wetlands or used for “other purposes.”
Water Resource Caution Areas
Water resource caution areas (WRCAs) are areas that have critical water supply
problems or are projected to have critical water supply problems within the next 20
years. Originally, water reuse was required only within these water resource caution
areas, unless such reuse is not economically, environmentally, or technically feasible
as determined by a reuse feasibility study. Currently, Chapter 62-40, F.A.C., requires
use of reclaimed water statewide. Domestic wastewater facilities located within,
discharging within or serving a population within designated water resource caution
areas are required to prepare reuse feasibility studies before receiving a domestic
wastewater permit. Table 9 summarizes information about reuse systems located
within WRCAs and those located outside of WRCAs.
Table 9. Reuse Activity in Water Resource Caution Areas
Inside WRCA Outside WRCA Total
Number. of Reuse Systems 309 121 430
Number of WWTPs Providing Reuse 345 130 475
Reuse Capacity (mgd) 1,047 370 1,417
Reuse Flow (mgd) 500 163 663
All Public Access Reuse Flow
(a)
(mgd) 331 78 409
Public Area & Landscape Irrigation Reuse Flow (mgd) 326 65 391
Edible Crops Reuse Flow (mgd) 13 3 16
Note: (a) This includes public access and landscape irrigation, fire protection, toilet flushing, edible
crops and other public access uses.
Cross-Connection Control
Cross-connections between reclaimed water lines and potable water lines are strictly
prohibited in Florida. In 1999, reporting requirements for cross-connection control
activities were added to the Annual Reuse Report Form. Appendix J summarizes
cross-connection control activities reported by reuse systems for the October 1, 2006
to September 30, 2007 reporting period.
Of the 254 reuse systems that reported cross-connection control activities, 13 reuse
systems reported identifying and eliminating 1 or more cross-connections. 16,566 new
connections to public access reuse systems were reported to occur in 2007. Almost
100 percent of those new connections were inspected to ensure that no crossconnections
had been created.
The 2004 Guidelines for Water Reuse published by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) provides guidelines for establishing cross-connection prevention and
control programs. Utilities should consult the EPA Guidelines for implementation and
enforcement of cross-connection control programs.
2007 Reuse Inventory
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PREVIOUS INVENTORIES AND TRENDS
The DEP (and its predecessor agency) published previous reuse inventories for 1986,
1990, 1992, and 1996 through 2006. Table 10 shows a summary of the total number
of domestic wastewater treatment facilities providing water for reuse, the reuse
capacities of the reuse facilities, and the average reuse flow rates recorded for previous
inventories and the 2007 inventory.
Table 10. Summary of DEP Reuse Inventories
Report Year
No. of Treatment
Facilities
Reuse Capacity
(mgd)
Reuse Flow
(mgd)
1986 118 362 206
1990 212 526 266
1992 308 601 290
1996 444 826 402
1997 451 878 441
1998 451 1,009 490
1999 459 1,043 523
2000 457 1116 575
2001 461 1151 584
2002 467 1162 584
2003 469 1206 603
2004 468 1273 637
2005 465 1325 660
2006 468 1368 663
2007 475 1417 663
Figure 2 presents the growth of Florida’s reuse capacity and flow.
REFERENCES
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, “Reuse of Reclaimed Water and Land
Application,” Chapter 62-610, Florida Administrative Code, Florida Department of
Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida, 2006.
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2006 Reuse Inventory, Florida
Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida, 2007.
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2005 Reuse Inventory, Florida
Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida, 2006.
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2004 Reuse Inventory, Florida
Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida, 2005.
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2003 Reuse Inventory, Florida
Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida, 2004.
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2002 Reuse Inventory, Florida
Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida, 2003.
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2001 Reuse Inventory, Florida
Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida, 2002.
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2000 Reuse Inventory, Florida
Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida, 2001.
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 1999 Reuse Inventory, Florida
Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida, 2000.
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 1998 Reuse Inventory, Florida
Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida, 1999.
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 1997 Reuse Inventory, Florida
Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida, 1998.
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 1996 Reuse Inventory, Florida
Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida, 1997.
Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, 1992 Reuse Inventory, Florida
Department of Environmental Regulation, Tallahassee, Florida, 1992.
Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, 1990 Reuse Inventory, Florida
Department of Environmental Regulation, Tallahassee, Florida, 1990.
2007 Reuse Inventory
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Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, 1986 Reuse Inventory, Florida
Department of Environmental Regulation, Tallahassee, Florida, 1986.
Florida Legislature, Population Estimates for Year 2007, Office of Economic and
Demographic Research, Tallahassee, FL. 2008.
Reuse Coordinating Committee, Water Reuse for Florida: Strategies for Effective Use of
Reclaimed Water, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee,
Florida, 2003.
United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2004 Guidelines for Water Reuse,